Background

Journal

Our Novice to Expert Endeavors

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PATRICIA BENNER'S LIFE


NAME:  Patricia Benner
DATE OF BIRTH: May 10, 1955
PLACE OF BIRTH: Hampton Virginia USA 

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT:

Ø  Bachelor’s Degree in Nursing (BSN)- PASADENA COLLEGE 1964.
Ø  Master’s Degree in Medical Surgical Nursing- UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, San Francisco 1970.
Ø  Ph.D – UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELY 1982.

PROFESSIONAL BACKGROUND:


* 1989- became Associate Professor in Department of Physiological Nursing, in the School of Nursing at the University of California, San Francisco (became tenured Professor 1989.)
* 2002 - Professor at the Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences at UCSF. and the first occupant of the Thelma Shobe Cook Endowed Chair in Ethics and Spirituality.
* Recently elected an honorary fellow of the Royal College of Nursing.
* Internationally noted Researcher and Lecturer on health, stress and coping, skill acquisition and ethics.
* Dr. Patricia Benner acknowledged that her thinking in Nursing had been influenced greatly by Virginia Henderson, who commented that because of the nature and scope of her work, “From Novice to Expert”, it had potential to materially affect practice and at the same time, the nurses’ preparation.
* 
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NOVICE TO EXPERT THEORY



According to P. Benner: “Knowledge development in a practice discipline consists of extending practical knowledge (know-how) through  theory based scientific investigations and through the clinical experience in the practice of that discipline.”

Her Theory:
  • Dr. Benner categorized nursing into 5 levels of capabilities: novice, advanced beginner, competent, proficient, and expert.
  •  She believed experience in the clinical setting is key to nursing because it allows a nurse to continuously expand their knowledge base and to provide holistic, competent care to the patient.
  •  Her research was aimed at discovering if there were distinguishable, characteristic differences in the novice’s and expert’s descriptions of the same clinical incident.
NOVICE:
  • Beginner with no experience
  • Taught general rules to help perform tasks
  • Rules are: context-free, independent of specific cases, and applied universally
  • Rule-governed behavior is limited and inflexible
ADVANCED BEGINNER:
  • Demonstrates acceptable performance
  • Has gained prior experience in actual situations to recognize recurring meaningful components
  • Principles, based on experiences, begin to be formulated to guide actions
 COMPETENT:
  • Typically a nurse with 2-3 years experience on the job in the same area or in similar day-to-day situations
  • More aware of long-term goals
  • Gains perspective from planning own actions based on conscious, abstract, and analytical thinking and helps to achieve greater efficiency and organization
PROFICIENT:
  • Perceives and understands  situations as whole parts
  • More holistic understanding  improves decision-making
  • Learns from experiences what to expect in certain situations  and how to modify plans
EXPERT:
  • No longer relies on principles, rules, or guidelines to connect situations and determine actions
  • Much more background of experience
  • Has intuitive grasp of clinical situations
  • Performance is now fluid, flexible, and highly-proficient


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